void swap( const container &from );

The swap() function exchanges the elements of the current multiset with those of from. This function operates in constant time.

For example, the following code uses the swap() function to exchange the values of two strings:

   string first( "This comes first" );
   string second( "And this is second" );
   first.swap( second );
   cout << first << endl;
   cout << second << endl;
		

The above code displays:

   And this is second
   This comes first
		

  container operator=(const container& c2);
  bool operator==(const container& c1, const container& c2);
  bool operator!=(const container& c1, const container& c2);
  bool operator<(const container& c1, const container& c2);
  bool operator>(const container& c1, const container& c2);
  bool operator<=(const container& c1, const container& c2);
  bool operator>=(const container& c1, const container& c2);

All of the C++ containers can be compared and assigned with the standard comparison operators: ==, !=, <=, >=, <, >, and =. Performing a comparison or assigning one multiset to another takes linear time.

Two multisets are equal if:

1. Their size is the same, and
2. Each member in location i in one multiset is equal to the the member in location i in the other multiset.

Comparisons among multisets are done lexicographically.

  iterator begin();
  const_iterator begin() const;

The function begin() returns an iterator to the first element of the multiset. begin() should run in constant time.

For example, the following code uses begin() to initialize an iterator that is used to traverse a list:

   // Create a list of characters
   list<char> charList;
   for( int i=0; i < 10; i++ ) {
     charList.push_front( i + 65 );
   }
   // Display the list
   list<char>::iterator theIterator;
   for( theIterator = charList.begin(); theIterator != charList.end(); theIterator++ ) {
     cout << *theIterator;
   }
		

  iterator end();
  const_iterator end() const;

The end() function returns an iterator just past the end of the multiset.

Note that before you can access the last element of the multiset using an iterator that you get from a call to end(), you'll have to decrement the iterator first.

For example, the following code uses begin() and end() to iterate through all of the members of a vector:

 vector<int> v1( 5, 789 );
 vector<int>::iterator it;
 for( it = v1.begin(); it != v1.end(); it++ ) {
   cout << *it << endl;
 }
		

The iterator is initialized with a call to begin(). After the body of the loop has been executed, the iterator is incremented and tested to see if it is equal to the result of calling end(). Since end() returns an iterator pointing to an element just after the last element of the vector, the loop will only stop once all of the elements of the vector have been displayed.

end() runs in constant time.

  reverse_iterator rbegin();
  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const;

The rbegin() function returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the current multiset.

rbegin() runs in constant time.

  reverse_iterator rend();
  const_reverse_iterator rend() const;

The function rend() returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the current multiset.

rend() runs in constant time.

  size_type size() const;

The size() function returns the number of elements in the current multiset.

  size_type max_size() const;

The max_size() function returns the maximum number of elements that the multiset can hold.

  bool empty() const;

The empty() function returns true if the multiset has no elements, false otherwise.

For example, the following code uses empty() as the stopping condition on a (C/C++ Keywords) while loop to clear a multiset and display its contents in reverse order:

 vector<int> v;
 for( int i = 0; i < 5; i++ ) {
   v.push_back(i);
 }
 while( !v.empty() ) {
   cout << v.back() << endl;
   v.pop_back();
 }
		

  void clear();

The function clear() deletes all of the elements in the multiset. clear() runs in linear time.

  container();
  container( const container& c );
  ~container();

Every multiset has a default constructor, copy constructor, and destructor.

The default constructor takes no arguments, creates a new instance of that multiset, and runs in constant time. The default copy constructor runs in linear time and can be used to create a new multiset that is a copy of the given multiset c.

The default destructor is called when the multiset should be destroyed.

For example, the following code creates a pointer to a vector of integers and then uses the default multiset constructor to allocate a memory for a new vector:

 vector<int>* v;
 v = new vector<int>();
		

  key_compare key_comp() const;

The function key_comp() returns the function that compares keys.

key_comp() runs in constant time.

  value_compare value_comp() const;

The value_comp() function returns the function that compares values.

value_comp() runs in constant time.

  iterator insert( iterator i, const TYPE& val );
  void insert( input_iterator start, input_iterator end );
  iterator insert( const TYPE& val );

The function insert() either:
		

• inserts val after the element at pos (where pos is really just a suggestion as to where val should go, since multisets and multimaps are ordered), and returns an iterator to that element.
• inserts a range of elements from start to end.
• inserts val into the multiset. The return value is an iterator to the element inserted, and a boolean describing whether an insertion took place.

  iterator find( const key_type& key );

The find() function returns an iterator to key, or an iterator to the end of the multiset if key is not found.

find() runs in logarithmic time.

  iterator lower_bound( const key_type& key );

The lower_bound() function returns an iterator to the first element which has a value greater than or equal to key.

lower_bound() runs in logarithmic time.

  iterator upper_bound( const key_type& key );

The function upper_bound() returns an iterator to the first element in the multiset with a key greater than key.

  pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range( const key_type& key );

The function equal_range() returns two iterators - one to the first element that contains key, another to a point just after the last element that contains key.

  void erase( iterator pos );
  void erase( iterator start, iterator end );
  size_type erase( const key_type& key );

The erase function() either erases the element at pos, erases the elements between start and end, or erases all elements that have the value of key.

  size_type count( const key_type& key );

The function count() returns the number of occurrences of key in the multiset.

count() should run in logarithmic time.